An Inch Closer to My Dream Essay Example for Free

An Inch Closer to My Dream Essay My exposure to my father’s dental practice has effectually inspired me to pursue a profession along a similar line. This dream has become an ultimate priority at this point in my life. It is my dream and I would do anything just to reach that dream, understanding the time, effort, and good work ethic that the dream requires. As a dentist, my father has specialized in implant surgery, and firsthand, I was able to see how his work transformed the lives of his patients – not only changing them physically, but changing more profoundly the way they looked at themselves and the world. I am a Korean, majoring in Art and I went to the United States to study Biology instead at California State University, Northridge. I have discovered that this degree has fully maximized my potential and it led me to the path where I am most fulfilled. Science is very essential to everyone’s existence and I cannot bear not to think critically of what is happening around us. It was very stimulating for me to solve problems of nature and life that I would wish to extend my study and earn a Master’s degree within the same field. I am very looking forward of pursuing functional anatomy, physiology, genetics, and embryology. My reason for pursuing oral biology at NYU is not merely because it is to my personal preference or liking. While that is one factor, I have also considered wanting to contribute to the betterment of Korean society in my own little way. I feel that through oral biological research, I would be able to make a dent in our social fabric, discovering new things about cures for diseases or mechanisms of seemingly untreatable illnesses. This has been a personal mission because I have had the chance to be exposed to indigent communities who are in dire need of help. Through oral biological research, I may be able to help these communities alleviate their poverty within my own sphere of influence. My volunteer work at my father’s clinic has allowed me to foster this desire to help other people authentically through the dental arts. Fortunately, I was enhance familiarity with dental procedures, including orthodontic treatment, root canal, prophylaxis, x-rays, among others. The idea alone of being able to make a difference in people’s lives, through oral biology, excites me. It makes me even more eager to pursue my course and be very competent biologist. Apart from wanting to help impoverished communities, I have also taken careful note of the level of scientific progress that Korea has attained. Unofrtunately, it is not as advanced as first world countries such as the United States. Thorugh my own contribution, I would like to see the advancement of science in my home country. I would love pursue my studies in a different university and I chose New York University to broaden my horizons, and gain new perspectives from a different environment and from different set of individuals. I believe that I can learn more by being exposed to a diverse culture and New York is the right place. Being able to study in New York, and also later work there is a great opportunity for me. Moreover, the Graduate Program in Oral Biology fits perfectly to my needs. Going through NYU’s website, I am filled with excitement as I realize that this course shall accord me with a solid foundation in the oral biological sciences, which are more specifically targetd at teaching and research. Some areas which I am particularly interested with are periodontal and caries microbiology, chemical carcinogenesis, mechanisms of mineralization, periodontal wound healing, and tumor immunology. I also believe that this school only produces the best, and I want to become the person I would be proud of in the future. This is where I should start my future. I think that exposure to various cultures shall also help me grow significantly as a person and professional. I will be able to learn how to deal with people with different backgournds, upbringing, and cultural heritage. Because I shall have the chance to interact with them frequently, I will be able to understand and respect their culture. This is very important, since stereotypes cause people to make biased decisions, which lead to social inequity. I would love to think that my enrollment in the university will help me become more impartial to race / color. I feel that the thrusts put forth by the university are strongly consistent with those that I personally uphold. I have high hopes that I will qualify to form part of this prestigious institution. It will surely be a privilege that I will take profound pride in. And because of such pride, I will work hard to excel academically. The ultimate goal is for me to become a competent professional – to be able to contribute substantially to humanitarian causes.

Sexism Exposed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essa

Sexism Exposed in Brontà «'s Jane Eyre       The Victorian era in England marked a period of unprecedented technological, scientific, political, and economic advancement.   By the 1840s, the English had witnessed remarkable industrial achievements including the advent of the railways and the photographic negative.   They had witnessed the expansion of the Empire, and, as a result, were living in a time of great economic stability.   Yet they had also seen thousands of people starving-and dying-due to the Irish potato famine and poor conditions and benefits in British factories and witnessed the entire order of society questioned as the working classes began to demand representation in Parliament.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The English also experienced biological and scientific breakthroughs that challenged the once universally accepted beliefs in the authority of the Bible, the divine ordering of nature, and the gross exploitation of women and people of other races.   It was a time of great achievement, yes, but it was also a tim e of great contradiction and uncertainty.       The Victorian era was also the age of the novel, as many English citizens now possessed the time and money to afford such a luxury.   Novels at the beginning of the Victorian era reflect the growing unease of the day; writers of the 1840s in particular responded indirectly to the social upheaval, writing personal, subjective novels.    Charlotte Brontà «'s novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847, is an archetype of the 1840s novel.   It tells the story of Jane Eyre, an orphan who eventually finds herself and happiness as a governess and, later, a wife.   Although this is a "personal" story that provides escape and entertainment for its readers, Jane Eyre most certainly, if some... ...ntinually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital" (429).   Further, she marries Mr. Rochester only after he is dependent and in need of her care, claiming that she likes him better that way (469).   Victorian women were supposed to be passive, idle, uneducated, and subordinate partners in marriage.   Readers are forced to realize that Jane conforms to none of these expectations.    Charlotte Brontà «'s Jane Eyre is representative of British novels in the 1840s.   Though she tells the personal story of a young governess, Brontà « also uses the story to address an important social issue of the Victorian era-sexism-directly and indirectly exposing the flaws and hypocrisies of the patriarchal Victorian society. Works Cited Brontà «, Charlotte.   Jane Eyre.   1847.   Oxford:   Oxford UP, 1993.   

Hrqol Among Road Crash Victims Health And Social Care Essay

Road clang can be defined as the occurence on a route due to the carelessness or skip by any party concerned or due to environmental factor ensuing in a hit that involved at least one traveling vehicle whereby harm or hurt is caused to any individual, belongings, vehicle, construction or animate being and is recorded by the constabulary ( ADB-ASEAN,2004 ) . Road traffic clangs and hurts is a public wellness job worldwide. A study carried out by Pull offing Occupational Road Risk ( manORR ) found out that 8 million employees drive on company concern every twenty-four hours and 250 of them are earnestly injured every hebdomad. In Malaysia, entire figure of route clangs had increased from 24,581 instances in 1974 to 328,264 instances in 2005, making more than 135 % addition of accident instances over 30 old ages. Harmonizing to Cubi-Molla et.al ( 2010 ) , over 50 % of deceases caused by route clangs were associated to immature grownups in the age scope of 15-44 old ages old in the twelvemonth 2004. Victims of route traffic clang may be fatal or suffer from hurts due to the effects of the clang. There is big fluctuation in the badness of hurts. It may change from a minor contusion to severe spinal or head hurt ensuing in wellness position that some would see worse than decease ( Guria, 1993 ) . There are two degrees of effects for non-fatal hurts, which are temporarily and long-run hurt. In some instances, the hurting and agony may go on for the remainder of the victim ‘s life. The quality of life of the individual may be reduces as a effect of the hurt ( Guria, 1993 ) . World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines quality of life as the persons ‘ perceptual experiences of their place in life in the context of civilization and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their ends, outlooks and concerns. Quality of life encompasses multiple life spheres, such as physical wellbeing, mental wellbeing, societal relationships, functional ability and spiritualty. Quality of life is an of import result step in the rating of interventions for a scope of chronic physical and psychological upsets ( Skevington, 1999 ) . In a survey conducted by Aitken et.al ( 2007 ) in Queensland Trauma Registry infirmaries in Australia, it was shown that the participants in the survey were found to hold a markedly lower quality of life overall compared with the Australian normative population. It is besides consistent with findings in international samples of injured people who have suffered from general hurt ( Holbrook, 1998 ) . One of the facets in quality of life is health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . It is subjective and relates to the experience and feelings of an single individual. With bettering rates of endurance following route traffic hurts in many states, healthy old ages of life lost due to clangs progressively reflect the prevalence of disenabling sequelae ( Ameratunga et.al. , 2004 ) . Numerous surveies have shown that injured patients are at hazard of hapless quality-of-life results, and may develop psychological jobs in both the short and long footings ( Ukpong et.al, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Family Doctor.org, post-traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) is a type of anxiousness job. It can develop when one experience or see a traumatic event such as terrible auto clang. Those with PTSD have problem get bying with and retrieving from traumatic events and frequently experience the effects for months or even old ages afterwards. Powerful fear-related memories of the event seems to be a major portion of PTSD. There are significant impacts on households and friends and on the community in general. Harmonizing to healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. , it is estimated that there are about 100 million households worldwide seeking to get by with the decease or disablement of a household member involved in a route clang. The impact of emotional is enourmous, and the common effects are depression and self-destruction. Another effect of route clang is on the victim ‘s physical status. Based on a research survey conducted by Ameratunga et.al ( 2004 ) , planetary load of route traffic hurts projected to rank as the 3rd prima cause of disability-adjusted life old ages by 2020. Harmonizing to Ukpong et.al ( 2008 ) , physical disfunction and disfiguration caused by some of the hurts may adversely impact the patients ‘ ability to set about their day-to-day activities, lower their temper and sense of self-pride. In a survey conducted by Anderson et. Al. ( 1997 ) , six people from entire of 24 respondents had to moved to another type of lodging because of disablements ensuing from the clang. Besides, route clang besides affect route clang victim ‘s societal life. There was a important decrease of quality of life in the sphere of societal relationships over clip in the injured patients. 29 % of respondents participated in a survey conducted by Anderson et. Al. ( 1997 ) was reported decreased societal activities such as decreased engagement in organisational and clean activities as a consequence of route clang. The fright of traffic and of being involved in clangs can take to reduces societal interaction and coherence as victims remain indoors. This resulted in more sedentary life style with effects wellness effects such as fleshiness and cardiovascular disease ( healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au ) . Other than that, victim ‘s of route clang suffer from fiscal job. Anderson et. Al. ( 1997 ) reported that from their survey it was found that half of the respondents had fiscal job after two old ages of accident because they were unable to return to work any longer, which was due to long-run digest. Peoples who claimed compensation had worse wellness related quality of life, 12 months after hurt, every bit good as describing that their wellness position and disablement were worse from a really early phase after hurt ( Littleton et.al, 2010 ) . Financial job after route clang besides reported by Zaloshnja et.al ( 2004 ) , where pecuniary losingss were associated with medical attention ( such as infirmary, rehabilitation, prescription and accessory costs ) , belongings harm and legal costs. Problem Statement The ground for carry oning this survey is there is limited literature on the results of hurt, including quality of life ( Aitken et.al, 2007 ) . A great trade of authorities clip and investing around the universe has been devoted to route safety in general. Until late, small attending was focused on work-related hurts happening on the route ( Murray, 2008 ) . In add-on, occupational safety and healths specializers have traditionally focused on safety in the workplace or on work sites instead than occupational route safety. The measuring of quality of life provides a utile method of measuring the results of wellness intercessions. 1.3 Research Justification A great trade of authorities clip and investing around the universe has been devoted to route safety. Until late, small attending was focused on work-related hurts happening on the route. Furthermore, occupational safety and wellness specializers have traditionally focused on safety in the workplace or on work sites ( Murray, et.al, 2008 ) . Decrease in HRQoL among employees may impact their work public presentation. With the appraisal of quality of life for those employees who had involved in occupational route clang, it help employees to work as before the clang occur. The finding of HRQoL among occupational route clang victims may help wellness workers in the designation of cardinal countries to aim in planning and monitoring different intervention options. In add-on, steps of HRQoL are going of import in the bar schemes for cut downing the load of hurt. Research Aims 1. To find the prevalence of hapless HRQoL after involved in route traffic clangs. 2. To analyze the impacts on the HRQoL among route traffic clangs victims. 3. To place the badness of the HRQoL among route traffic clangs victims. 4. To measure the long term HRQoL among route traffic clangs victims. Research Hypothesis 1. The prevalence of hapless HRQoL after involved in route traffic clangs are high as the victims are exposed to many effects from the clangs. 2. The impacts on the HRQoL among route traffic clangs victims are physical wellness, psychological, societal relationship and fiscal. 3. The badness of the HRQoL is vary between persons and besides depends on the badness of hurt. 4. The HRQoL of route traffic clangs victims will be improved by clip as they are able to accommodate the new physical status. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Sampling Method Data will be collected from people identified from exigency section registries in three public infirmaries, which are Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Seremban General Hospital and Melaka General Hospital. Choice of respondents will be based on the undermentioned inclusion standards: 1. Involved in occupational route clang in the last 7 yearss. 2. Occupational route clang victim that age between 18-40 old ages old. 3. Admission to infirmary for futher intervention transcending 24 hours. 4. Reason for admittance is trauma which is due to the route traffic clang and non due to other digest that arise from route clang. After possible respondents had been identified, they will be giving informed consent. Following, they need to reply the questionnaire sing their sociodemographic and clinical information. The same respondents will be follow-up to finish the Part II of the questionnaire within 2 two hebdomads after they involved in the route clang. The questionnaire will be classified into 2 parts: Part I: Sociodemographic and clinical informations Sociodemographic informations – age, gender, educational attainment, employment, matrimonial position and contact information. Clinical information – cause of hurt, site and type of hurt. Part II: Health-Realted Quality of Life Information for HRQoL of occupational route clang victims will be obtained through the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure ( COPM ) , that is conceptually derived from the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance ( Jolles et. Al, 2005 ) . It is designed to mensurate client-identified jobs in self-care, productiveness and leisure. The step is designed to observe alteration in a client ‘s self-perception of occupational public presentation over clip. Tonss are obtained for public presentation and satisfaction with public presentation. The difference between initial and subsequent tonss is a step of result, with a two-point difference in either way bespeaking important alteration. However, respondents should non cognize about their old tonss as this may impact their terminal consequence. They need to rate their public presentation and satisfaction based merely on their current perceptual experiences. Harmonizing to Canadian Assosiation of Occupational Therapists ( CAOT ) , COPM is designed to be used for assortment of disablements and across all developmental phases. In add-on, COPM is a standardised instrument, with a semi-structured interview format and structured hiting method. Change scores between appraisal and reappraisal utilizing the COPM are the most meaningful tonss derived from this appraisal. The step is easy to administrate, taking 20-40 proceedingss. The COPM works really good as an initial appraisal. COPM has been used in more than 35 states and has been translated into over 20 linguistic communications. 3.2 Statistical analysis The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 14.0 will be used to analyze the information. Probabilities of less than 0.05 were accepted as important.

Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) - 3159 Words

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy for operating all your enterprise’s relationships and interactions with your clients and future clients (What is CRM.) The CRM industry has been molded by monolithic trends over its lifetime. Back in the late 90s, intranets, extranets and the internet altered CRM into more collaborative approaches. The move to cloud has transformed CRM and the relative merchant success. It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutions. Five trends have been shaping CRM which include plug-ins, big data, mobile CRM, democratization of CRM, and gamification of CRM. Standard out-of-the-box CRM software doesn’t always include all the functionality that organizations demand. Even†¦show more content†¦These devices take into account profiling clients based on their actions, dividing markets and forecasting client purchases based on prior buying information and psychographic/demographic records, as well as uncovering cross-sell opportunities. The growth of Internet traffic, social networking, mobile phones and cloud computing will produce an immense increase in unstructured data, heading to an expanded demand for business analytics software that merges text analytics, sentiment extraction, and interrelated technologies to find examples and tendencies among social network, mobile phone, and cloud computing users (Seven Business and Technology Trends in CRM Software). Big data CRM s objective is to merge internal CRM data with client sentiment data that occurs outside of the organization’s existing structure, such as on social media platforms. By finding patterns and inclinations in this data, sales opportunities and modifications to product and service offerings can be made to increase revenue. Firms using big data in combination with CRM intend to have systems that can manage data in real time and therefore bond with clients quicker. Analytics is of utmost concern to businesses looking to accomplish big data CRM. The other vital concern for firms is pulling together inbound and outbound interactions with clients across all networks so that analytics can be utilized. Consumer data silos

How to Understand a Stem and Leaf Plot Diagram

Data can be shown in a variety of ways including graphs, charts, and tables. A stem-and-leaf plot is a type of graph that is similar to a histogram but shows more information by summarizing the shape of a set of data (the distribution) and providing extra detail regarding individual values. This data is arranged by  place value where the digits in the largest place are referred to as the stem, while the digits in the smallest value or values are referred to as the leaf or leaves, which are displayed to the right of the stem on the diagram. Stem-and-leaf plots are great organizers for large amounts of information. However, it is also helpful to have an understanding of the  mean, median, and mode  of data sets in general, so be sure to review these concepts prior to beginning work with stem-and-leaf plots.   Using Stem-and-Leaf  Plot Diagrams Stem-and-leaf plot graphs are usually used when there are large amounts of numbers to analyze. Some examples of common uses of these graphs are to track a series of scores on sports teams, a series of temperatures or rainfall over a period of time, or a series of classroom test scores. Check out this example of test scores: Test Scores Out of 100 Stem Leaf 9 2 2 6 8 8 3 5 7 2 4 6 8 8 9 6 1 4 4 7 8 5 0 0 2 8 8 The Stem shows the tens column and the leaf. At a glance, you can see that four students got a mark in the 90s on their test out of 100. Two students received the same mark of 92, and no students received marks that fell below 50  or reached 100. When you count the total number of leaves, you know how many students took the test. Stem-and-leaf  plots provide an at-a-glance tool for specific information in large sets of data. Otherwise, you would have a long list of marks to sift through and analyze. You can use this form of data analysis to find medians, determine totals, and define the modes of data sets, providing valuable insight into trends and patterns in large data sets. In this instance, a teacher would need to ensure that the 16 students who scored below 80 truly understood the concepts on the test. Because 10 of those students failed the test, which accounts for almost half of the class of 22 students, the teacher might need to try a different method that the failing group of students could understand. Using Stem-and-Leaf Graphs for Multiple Sets of Data To compare two sets of data, you can use a back-to-back stem-and-leaf  plot. For instance, if you want to compare the scores of two sports teams, you can use the following stem-and-leaf plot:   Scores Leaf Stem Leaf Tigers Sharks 0 3 7 9 3 2 2 2 8 4 3 5 5 1 3 9 7 5 4 6 8 8 9 The tens column is now in the middle column, and the ones column is to the right and left of the stem column. You can see that the Sharks had more games with a higher score than the Tigers because the Sharks only had two games with a score  of 32, while the Tigers had four games—a 30, 33, 37 and a 39. You can also see that the Sharks and the Tigers tied for the  highest score:  a 59. Sports fans often use these stem-and-leaf  graphs to represent their teams scores to compare success. Sometimes, when the record for wins is tied within a football league, the higher-ranked team will be determined by examining data sets that are more easily observable, including the median and mean of the two teams scores. Practice Using Stem-and-Leaf  Plots Try your own stem-and-leaf  plot with the following temperatures for June. Then, determine the median for the temperatures: 77 80 82 68 65 59 6157 50 62 61 70 69 6467 70 62 65 65 73 7687 80 82 83 79 79 7180 77 Once youve sorted the data by value and grouped them by the tens digit, put them into a graph called Temperatures. Label the left column (the stem) as Tens and the right column as Ones, then fill in the corresponding temperatures as they occur above. How to Solve to Practice Problem Now that youve had a chance to try this problem on your own, read on to see an example of the correct way to format this data set as a stem-and-leaf  plot graph. Temperatures Tens Ones 5 0 7 9 6 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 7 8 9 7 0 0 1 3 6 7 7 9 9 8 0 0 0 2 2 3 7 You should always begin with the lowest number, or in this case  temperature: 50. Since 50 was the lowest temperature of the month, enter a 5 in the tens column and a 0 in the ones column, then observe the data set for the next lowest temperature: 57. As before, write a 7 in the ones column to indicate that one instance of 57  occurred, then proceed to the next-lowest temperature of 59 and write a 9 in the ones column. Find all of the temperatures that were in the 60s, 70s, and 80s and write each temperatures corresponding ones value in the ones column. If youve done it correctly, it should yield a stem-and-leaf  plot graph that looks like the one in this section. To find the median, count all the days in the month, which in the case of June is 30. Divide 30 by two, yielding 15, count either up from the lowest temperature of 50 or down from the highest temperature of 87 until you get to the 15th number in the data set, which in this case is 70. This is your median value in the data set.

Sigmund Freud s Psychodynamic Theory - 910 Words

Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory can be described as a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces such as unconscious desires and beliefs (Chegg Study). Sigmund Freud developed this theory in the early 20th century based on the assumption that our unconscious desires influence many of our actions in our everyday lives (McLeod 2009). In addition, another assumption of Freud’s that contributed to this theory was that our childhood experiences influence us greatly and make us into the person we are today. Freud proposed the psychodynamic theory according to which personality consisted of the Id, the super ego and the ego (McLeod 2009). The Id is the pleasure principle concerned with instincts and pleasure and operates by primary processes which thereby, does not take into account the reality principle (McLeod 2009). For example, if you were extremely thirsty; instead of going to buy a bottle of water or refilling your own bottle, you would drink from someone else’s water bottle without their permission and without them knowing. This example demonstrates how the Id principle operates without taking into account what is socially acceptable in order to satisfy a need. The ego is the reality principle which not only operates by secondary processes concerned with reason and logic, but also mediates between the Id and super ego according to reality (McLeod 2009). For example, in the same scenario, instead of drinking from someone else’s waterShow MoreRelatedThe s Theory Of The Tripartite Soul And Sigmund Freud s Psychodynamic Theory1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthe non-material aspect of a human being that is immortal. Although, the soul’s existence is in question, there is evidence that validates that the soul is real. 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Law Juvenile Justice Reform Massachusetts Juvenile Justice Reform A S Essay Example For Students

Law Juvenile Justice Reform Massachusetts Juvenile Justice Reform: A S Essay tep in the Wrong Direction Juvenile JusticeTHESIS STATEMENT: The Great and General Court of Massachusetts has erred in reforming the juvenile justice system by implementing policies and procedures that will harm juveniles and place society at risk. On July 23, 1995, an intruder brutally attacked and stabbed Janet Downing approximately 100 times in her Somerville home. The revolting Downing murder and ensuing arrest of Edward OBrien Jr., a 15-year-old juvenile whom prosecutors say committed the heinous crime, sent shockwaves through the state. When Somerville District Court Judge Paul P. Hefferman ruled that the Commonwealth try Mr. OBrien as a juvenile, those shockwaves grew in intensity, and the citizens of Massachusetts, fed up with increasing youth violence and perceptions of an ineffective juvenile justice system, demanded the enactment of tough new laws to deal with repeat and violent juvenile offenders. The Great and General Court of Massachusetts headed these demands for reform of the juvenile justice system and enacted legislation that, among other things, abolishes the trial de novo system in the juvenile courts, requires the trial of juveniles charged with murder, manslaughter, aggravated rape, forcible rape of a child, kidnaping, assault with intent to rob or murder and armed burglary in adult court and permits prosecutors to open to the public juvenile proceedings when they seek an adult sentence. Although proponents tout these measures as a sagacious solution for the vexatious problem of juvenile delinquency, abolishing the trial de novo system, provid ing for automatic adult trials and opening juvenile proceedings to the public when prosecutors seek an adult sentence works to the detriment, not the benefit, of juveniles and society. Therefore, the policy makers of Massachusetts should repeal most sections of the Juvenile Justice Reform Act and develop other policies to deal with the rising problem of juvenile crime. I. A SINGLE TRIAL SYSTEM PREVENTS COURTS FROM PROVIDING RAPID ASSISTANCE TO JUVENILES IN NEED, DOES LITTLE TO SERVE JUDICIAL ECONOMY AND PLACES A SIMILAR BURDEN AS THE DE NOVO SYSTEM ON VICTIMS AND WITNESSES. Proponents of a single trial system for juveniles argue that the trial de novo system wastes judicial resources by giving defendants a second bite at the apple and traumatizes victims and witnesses by forcing them to testify at two proceedings. However, these proponents fail to acknowledge that the de novo system allows judges to quickly provide juveniles with the rehabilitative help they need. The proponents, unsurprisingly, also fail to acknowledge that a single trial system may place a greater burden on judicial resources and a similar burden on victims and witnesses. The de novo system benefits juveniles by encouraging bench trials, which frequently result in the swift administration of rehabilitative help. For many juveniles, delinquency is a reaction to a variety of situational stressors. Statistics indicate that the vast majority of juvenile delinquents are exposed to abuse and neglect, harsh or erratic parenting, and socioeconomic deprivation. Experts believe that if the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juveniles and make them productive members of our society, it must address these problems as swiftly as possible. A de novo system encourages juveniles, many of whom want judicial help, to request a bench trial. Likewise, under a de novo system, defense attorneys are encouraged to recommend an initial bench trial because the courts decision does not bind clients if it is not in their interest. On the other hand, a single trial system discourages juveniles and defense attorneys from requesting a bench trial.Because jury trials are more lengthy than bench trials and may drag out for over a year, the current policy of encouraging juveniles to seek an initial jury trial denies them the rehabilitative help they need for a significant period of time. Therefore, the de novo system is the preferred choice when dealing with juveniles because it encourages bench trials and, concomitantly, the swift administration of rehabilitative help. As noted earlier, one of the primary arguments for doing away with the de novo system is that it wastes judicial resources. However, upon closer examination one realizes that the de novo system actually furthers judicial economy. Under a de novo system, procedural safeguards can be done away with or relaxed at bench trials without fear of violating rights of defendants. Courts have found the elimination of procedural safeguards at bench trials in a de novo system to be constitutional because the judiciary will extend all safeguards to the defendant at a new jury trial if he/she so chooses. Although no statistics could be found which indicate the number of defendants appealing de novo bench trial decision, a court employee estimates that it was around 3%. Thus, 97% of juvenile cases were disposed of through bench trials, which are less costly and time consuming than jury trials.While 3% of the cases resulted in two proceedings, the value obtained from bench trials appears to significantly outweigh the costs incurred by appeals. Therefore, the de novo system may actually further judicial economy more than a single trial system. The other primary argument for a single trial system is that making victims and witnesses testify at two trials is unfair. The 3% estimate that the de novo system requires that victims and witnesses testify at two trials very infrequently. Furthermore, replacing the de novo system will not eliminate the need for requiring some victims and witnesses to testify at two trials. Appellate courts have the power to reverse a trial courts decision and order a new trial. In cases where the trial courts decision is reversed, victims and witnesses must testify again. Given the strong state interest in reforming juveniles, protecting society and conserving judicial resources and the fact that a one trial system also requires some victims and witnesses to testify twice, the burden placed on witnesses and victims by the de novo system cannot be considered unreasonable. In sum, the de novo trial system better suits the needs of juvenile offenders, society and the court system for several reasons. First, under the de novo system, judges can expeditiously provide the rehabilitative help that juveniles need. Secondly, the de novo system does not appear to burden judicial economy. In fact, despite proponents claims to the contrary, the evidence appears to indicate that a de novo system actually furthers judicial economy. Finally, although a slight burden is placed on those victims and witnesses who are forced to testify at two proceeding, this burden exists in a one trial system and is outweighed by the strong state interest in rehabilitating juveniles, protecting society and conserving judicial resources. II. AUTOMATICALLY TRYING JUVENILES CHARGED WITH MURDER, MANSLAUGHTER, AGGRAVATED RAPE, FORCIBLE RAPE OF A CHILD, ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO ROB OR MURDER AND ARMED ROBBERY CONTRADICTS THE NOTIONS UPON WHICH THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM WAS FOUNDED AND, ULTIMATELY, PLACES SOCIETY AT RISK. Drunk Driving Essay If the prosecutor pursues this method, the state tries the youth in adult court and the proceedings are open to the public. The second, and more troublesome method, allows the prosecutor to try the juvenile in juvenile court and seek an adult sentence there. These proceedings are also open to the public and are unfair to juveniles who do not receive an adult sentence. Furthermore, opening juvenile proceedings to the public stigmatizes juveniles as criminals for the rest of their lives. The section of the Juvenile Justice Reform Act that allows the opening of juvenile hearings to the public where an adult sentence is sought will expose some juveniles to public scrutiny even though they ultimately receive a juvenile sentence. Currently, a Massachusetts prosecutor has the option of opening juvenile proceedings to the public by seeking an adult sentence. Although prosecutors seek an adult sentence, the judge still has the discretion to sentence the offender as a juvenile after a post-trail amenability to rehabilitation hearing. Thus, it is entirely possible and probable that a number of cases in juvenile court which result in a juvenile sentence will be open to public scrutiny. Such a system is unfair because it allows prosecutors to throw open the doors of secrecy in juvenile court even if there is little chance of an adult sentence being imposed. Opening juvenile proceedings to the public also results in juveniles carrying around the taint of criminality which may lead to recidivism. Generally, proceedings in juvenile court have been closed to the public and press to prevent the stigmatization of minors and encourage rehabilitation. Allowing prosecutors to open juvenile judicial proceedings to the public will undermine rehabilitative efforts by creating a self-perpetuating stigma of delinquency, placing an accompanying stigma on family members, which could impair the juveniles familial relationships, encouraging youths to commit crimes for publicity or attention and contributing to a deterioration in the juveniles interaction with his peers, the educational system and the surrounding community. Because prosecutors are frequently unconcerned with the interests of juveniles and cater to public sentiment, the decision to open juvenile judicial proceedings should be left in the hands of an impartial decision maker. To summarize, prosecutors should not have the option to open juvenile proceedings where they seek an adult sentence to the public because it is unfair to juveniles who receive juvenile sentences and undermines rehabilitative efforts. Opening hearings to the public in juvenile court when the prosecutor seeks an adult sentence will result in some cases being held subject to public scrutiny even though the judge imposes a juvenile sentence. Such an arrangement is unfair to juveniles who are amenable to rehabilitation in the juvenile system. Additionally, opening juvenile hearings to the public is likely to undermine rehabilitative efforts by creating a self-perpetuating stigma of delinquency, placing an accompanying stigma on family members, which could impair the juveniles familial relationships, encouraging youths to commit crimes for publicity or attention and contributing to a deterioration in the juveniles interaction with his peers, the educational system and the surrounding community. Therefore, prosecutors should not have the power to open juvenile court proceedings to the public by seeking an adult sentence. IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Massachusetts Great and General Court, in attempting to reform the juvenile justice system, has embarked upon a noble and worthwhile endeavor. However, the reforms instituted by the legislature are the product of faulty perceptions and erroneous beliefs rather than informed policy making. If the citizens of Massachusetts are truly interested in changing the juvenile justice system for the better, it is not too late to petition the legislature to repeal and amend the detrimental sections of the Juvenile Justice Reform Act. The citizens of Massachusetts could also contact their representatives and ask them to introduce new legislation that benefits both juveniles and society.One may wonder that if the Juvenile Justice Reform Act is bad public policy, what policies should be implemented to reform the juvenile justice system. Perhaps the first step our legislature should take is to implement preventative programs, such as parenting classes, after school and summer athletic programs and academic intervention, to keep juveniles from entering the juvenile justice system in the first place. Not only are such interventions and programs effective, they are also cheaper than incarceration. The average yearly cost of incarcerating a juvenile ranges from $35,000 to $64,000. On the other hand, the average cost of academic intervention is approximately $4,300 and a year at Harvard costs $30,000. Therefore, for the amount that it takes to incarcerate one juvenile for a year, the Commonwealth could prevent approximately 14 juveniles from entering the juvenile justice system. In addition to implementing preventative programs, Massachusetts should examine the rehabilitation programs and measures of other states and adopt those that are effective. Although most states have moved toward recognizing punishment and accountability as the goals of the juvenile justice system, no state has entirely eliminated the philosophy of rehabilitation. Many of these states have proven rehabilitation programs and measures in place. For instance, Utah has founded the Intermountain Specialized Abuse Treatment Center in Salt Lake City to rehabilitate juvenile sex offenders, and California has established boot camps for juvenile delinquents. By examining the rehabilitation programs of other states and adopting those that are effective, Massachusetts could design a new and successful rehabilitation system for juveniles. A third and more practical possibility is that Massachusetts could increase funding to its existing juvenile rehabilitation system. In 1989, the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services, an agency devoted to helping youths choose productive, crime-free lives, while keeping the public safe, was named the best juvenile agency in the United States by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. However, several years later the Department of Youth Services came under fire when several youths in its custody died, and a youth who was away without leave participated in a double murder. Officials at the Department of Youth Services maintain that the agency has fallen into disarray as a result of budget cuts and overcrowding. Thus, by increasing the budget of the Department of Youth Services, the Commonwealth can restore the agency to its former prominence and, at the same time, add vitality to the philosophy of rehabilitation in the juvenile justice system.